Morphology

Morpheme
Affixes
Allormoph
Word

Word

Definition of Word

            Word is smallest segment of language that can use alone. In  every day we always  use word, when we are speaking or writing.

call up belong to special class of  two verbs like:

1.      Keep on that has a meaning continue

2.      Take off that has a meaning depart

3.      Butt in that has a meaning interrupt

4.      Show up that has a meaning appear

That speakers of English seem to sense a single word. Because there would normally be no pauses between the two parts.

Simple and Complex Word

            Simple word is consist of a single free morpheme. Example : table, chair, book, door ect. Complex word is a word made up of two or more morpheme. A complex word may consist of base (root) and one or more affixes.

Example of two bound form as IC’s : matricide, exclude, televise, cosmonaut

Example of bound and free forms as IC’s : dispomania , telephone, lioness, eraser

Compound Word

            A compound word is combination of two or more word that function as a single unit of meaning. There are three type of compound word :

1.    Open compound (spelled as two word)

Example : Ice cream, Coffee mug

2.    Closed compound (joined to form a single word)

Example : Notebook, Superman

3.    Hyphenated compound (two word joined by hyphen -)

Example : long-term  , sometime, more than two word can form a compound example : Mother- in – law.

Compound word can be distinguished  from grammatical stucture in three ways :

1.    Compound word cannot be divided by the insertion of intervening material between the two parts, but grammatical structure can be so divided.

Example : She is a sweetheart

                  She has a sweet heart

2.    Compound word cannot participate in a grammatical stucture. Compare hard ball and baseball, hard ball is grammatical structure of modifier plus noun.

Example: It was a very hard ball

                It was a very baseball

3.    Some compound nouns, you may recal, have the stress pattern (‘ ^) 

Example : blue bird      blûe bírd

                              Modifier plus a noun

Processes of Word Formation

            Processes of word formation have 11 processes, but in this time i will just explain seven of them.

1.    Compounding

Compounding is simply the joining of two or more word into a single, word, as in hang glider, airstrip, busybody, as the foregoing, example show compounds may be written as one word, as a hyphenated word or as two word.

2.    Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing  word , re-ask. Word like these, some of which you have never heard before, are often formed in the heat of speaking or writing.

3.    Invention

Now and then new words are totally invented like kodak, nylon , but their way into the common vocabulary.

4.    Echoism

Echoism is the formation of word whose sound suggests their meaning like hiss and peewee. The meaning is usually a sound, either natural like the roar of a waterfall or artifical like the clang of bell. But meaning may also be the creature that produces the sound. Example : moan, click.

5.    Clipping

Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of word, or both leavinf a part to stand for the whole.

6.    Acronymy

Acronymy is the process whereby a word is formed the initials or beginning segment of a successsion of word. Example : N A T O (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

7.    Blending

Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the part of another as is gashol.

Allormoph

Allomorph

Allomorph is variety of morpheme. Part of morpheme, it’s abour sound / phonological  and symbol but it does not change the meaning.

• Article:  A : an chair, a book

                      AN : an umbrella, an apple

• Past tense  : -ed : parted, visited

                           -t: picked

                           -d: wedge

• S plural     : /s/  = cats

                            /z/  = dogz

                           /ez/  = boxes

Phonological  

Phonological the rature of predicting sound.

Example : picked, wedged

Morphological

Morphological associated with spesific word

Example : Oxen, sheep-sheep/ sheep ϕ

Additive Allomorph

•  Past tense =  -t  : Laughed  (-d pt / -d)

                                -d : played (-d pt/-t)

                               -ed: wanted (-d pt/ -ed)

• S  plural  =  /-s/, /-z/, /-ez/

Zero Allomorph

• Past tense =     I put my bag yesterday (-d pt/ ϕ/)

• Plural        =     I have two sheep  (-s pl/ ϕ/)

Replacive Allomorph:

• Partial

Past tense= Drink            Drank              Drunk

                     /i/                  /æ/                  /ʌ/

                                    (-D pt / i > / æ /)

                                    (-D pt / i> / ʌ /)

Plural       = Tooth           teeth

                       (-S pl/ ....> /i/)

• Totaly changed

Past tense        = eat                ate                   eaten

                                    (-D pt/ It > /et/)

                                    (-D pp/ It > /i:tn/)

Plural               = Mouse          Mice

                         (-S pl / maʊs > maIs)

Homophones

            You are acquainted with many pairs, trios, and even foursomes of word in English which sound alike but differ in meaning : heir, air, pare, pair, pear, such words are called homophones. In morphology it must be remembered that words like these are different morphemes.

Example :  Did you like the meet ? /mit/ (track meet)

                  Did you like the meat  ? /mit/ (roast beef)

The same is true of bound forms. Compare :

• Verbal inflectional suffix                              : it feels /-z/ good
• Noun plural inflectional suffix                     : those frogs/-z/
• Noun possessive inflectional suffix              : jhon’s /-z/ book

These three homophous /-z/ are three different morpheme

Affixes

Affixes

            An affixes is a bound morpheme that occurs before/after a base. There are three kinds of affixes : prefixe, infixe and suffixe.

1.      Prefixe are added to beginning of an existing  word in order to create a new word a different  meaning.

Example : - Negative meaning (dis, un, im, in)

-  Quality meaning (mono, uni, tri, bi)

-  Space meaning (inter, intm)

-  Time meaning (pre, post, re, ante) 

2.    Infixe are bound morpheme that have been inserted within a word. There are four kind of infixe : - Inserted (grammar, hip hop slank, language game, camical)

-   Reduplication (big-big, blink-blink, tiny-winy, honey bunie)

-   Proclitic (I wanna, I gonna, I’dance)

-   Internal-change (sing-sang-sung, man-men)

3.      Suffixe are bound morpheme that occur after a base.   

Example : in the end base add such as : -ish, -er, -less, -ize/-ise, -able, -ly, -ous, -tion,  -s, -al and ect.

Inflectional suffixes

NO	Inflectional Affix	Examples	Name
1.	{-spl.}	Dogs, oxen, mice	Noun plural
2.	{-s sg ps}	Boy’s	Noun singular possesive
3.	{-s pl ps}	Boy’s, men’s	Noun plural possesive
4.	{-s 3d}	Vacaetes	Present third-person singular
5.	{-ING vb}	Discussing	Present participle
6.	{-D pt}	Chewed, rode	Past tense
7.	{D pp}	Chewed, caten, swum	Past participle
8.	{-ER cp}	Bolder, sooner, nearer	Comparative
9.	{-EST sp}	Boldest, soonest, nearest	superlative

           

            The inflectional suflixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the following ways, to which there are few exceptions.

1.      They do not change the part of speech.

Examples: sled, sleds (both nouns)

2.      They come last in a word.

Examples: shortened

3.      They go with all stems of a given part of speech.

Examples: He eats, drinks.

4.      They do not pile up; only one ends a word

Example: flakes, working

Derivational suffixe

There are three criteria :

1.      The words with which derivational suffixe combine is an arbitary matter. Example : happyness

2.      A derivational suffixe changes the part of speech  of the to which it is added. Example : act – active (-ive)

3.      Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word, that is aftera derivational suffix one can sometimes add another derivational suffix and can frequently add an inflectional suffixe. Example : reasonableness (-able , -ness)

Suffixal homophones

            Some suffixes both inflectional and derivational, have  homophonous forms. Homophones is one sound but different meaning, spelling, and grammatical.

Example :  I – eye , to – too – two.

1.      The inflectional suffixe has 2 homophone (-ER cp) or (-ER n)

(-ER n)   : lover, hunder

(-ER cp)  : glitter, chatter

2.      The verbal inflectional suffixe has 1 homophone  (-ING vb) but divided 2 (-ING nm) and (-ING adj)

Example :

I        have     a          meeting           with     my boss                       (-ING nm)

She    is          meeting           with     her boss                                   (-ING vb)

He     built     a          meeting           room                                        (-ING Adj)

3.      Example of verbal inflectional (-D pp) :

                       - D adj

(-D pp)                                  Ex : I was invited to party

                      - D pt

4.      Example of adverbial derivational  suffix (-LY)

                      -LY adv          Adv describe v/adj

(-LY)

                      -LY adj           Adj describe n/pronoun

Noun Feminine Forms

The statue of feminine derivational forms:

Suffixes	Status
- ess	The most common and productive
- stress	Complately dead
- enne + euse	In word borrowed from french
- e	From french
- ster	No longer a feminizing suffix

Word with separate form :

Example : King > Queen , Uncle > Aunt

Noun Diminutive Forms

            A word form or suffix that indicates the smallness. It usually follow by suffix.

1	-ie, -i ,–y	As in auntie, betty, sweetie, willy
2	-ette	As in dinette, towelette
3	-kin, -ikin, -kins	As in lambkin, manikin
4	-ling	As in duckling, darling
5	-et	As in circlet
6	-let	As in booklet, starlet